infant of diabetic mother

The plethora on the face, and the yellowish hue to the pink cherubic cheeks, in a newborn who is little overweight; yes; u r surely dealing with an infant of a diabetic mother. This may be due to polycythemia.

they are likely to born by a caserean section as they have macrosomia in 26% cases. These are mostly LGA babies and may suffer from hypoglycemia.

Major congenital malformations are found in 5-9% of affected infants and account for 30-50% of perinatal deaths of infants of mothers with gestational diabetes. **

www.peditips.com

when a doctor completes his training without the real hands on experience, its mistaken by many that what you are taught in medical school is totally in contrast with what you see clinically in patients. This blog aims at making medical students and docs understand how every case is exactly the same as in books. The work done by senior docs over the years is really rewarding. Infact when one finds a contrast in what is taught, he should go to books and you will find the exact descriptions verbatim, or the images as they are explained in medical books.

unerupted molar teeth

Dentition rules:

1. for every 6 months of life, approximately 4 teeth will erupt.
2. Girls generally precede boys
3. Lower teeth usually erupt before upper teeth
4. erupt in pairs
5. Primary teeth are called milk teeth small and white.
6. By to 3 years of age, all primary teeth should have erupted
7. Canines will always erupt second last.
8. Primary teeth erupt in 6-7-8-9 month formula while secondary teeth by respective years.
9. dentition can be delayed due to many causes like rickets.
10. Causes of delayed tooth eruption
    Endocrine disorders
    Hypothyroidism
    Calcium/phosphorus metabolism problems
    Hypopituitarism
    Genetic disorders and bone disorders
    Ectodermal dysplasias
    Down syndrome
    Cleidocranial dysplasia
    Gaucher disease
    Osteoporosis
    Local factors
    Tooth in path of erupting tooth, insufficient space, impacted teeth
    Dental infection
    Radiation therapy

http://www.modernmedicine.com/modernmedicine/article/articleDetail.jsp;jsessionid=G1Y4rsYBGKyRy6pPryj91JcjTP50Lc0hpDh1Z6GTKPvJ5CDRx9Zh!-433246586?id=110077

occipital hemangioma, scalp hemangioma

Hemangiomas are the most common (benign) tumours of infancy.

Face and scalp are common areas. facial hemangiomas are more prone for disfigurement with age.

This is a superficial hemangioma. Deep hemangiomas are usually smooth and nodular.

Characteristics of PHACE(S) syndrome
P osterior fossa brain malformations, most commonly of the Dandy-Walker variant

H emangiomas (especially large, segmental facial lesions)

A rterial anomalies

C ardiac anomalies and coarctation of the aorta

E ye abnormalities

S ternal cleft, supraumbilical raphe, or both

JULY 2003 / POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE ,

IJDVL Year : 1999 Volume : 65 Issue : 2 Page : 99-103

Facial hemangiomas may be a part of Sturge-Weber syndrome.

Ghon's complex

Ghon's complex

it is also known as primary complex of TB. It is formed by primary Tb focus at the lower part of upper lobe and upper part of middle lobe, usually on right side. This primary focus is a parenchymal opacity. this primary focus along with its lymphatics and draining lymph node is called preimary complex or Ghon complex or Ghon's complex.

In this x ray you may see the somewhat homogenous opacity in the Ghon's area on right side of sternum can represent the Ghon's complex pneumonia.

airway Xray neck lateral

a lateral xray of neck is very often asked for the soft tissue shadows when one suspects adenoids, para or retropharyngeal abscess and or a space occupying lesion in neck including cysts and others.

It surely does depict spine very details but for for visualisation of dense one asks for xray AP with open mouth.

For better delineation of airways, the patinet is asked to keep mouth slightly open, and neck slighlt extended, as in this xray. Air gives contrast with soft tissue shadows making many pathologies obvious.

This normal airway lateral x ray depicts nasopharynx, tongue, mandible, glosoepiglottic recess, epiglottis and larungeal sca clearly. you can also see the body of hyoid bone. Ant convexities bulging in the airway will make u suspect about an abscess.

mediastinal lymph node TB

Its very easy at times and at times too difficult to logically outline a probable lymph node shadow on a X ray chest.

In the image on right, you can see a bean shaped right mediastinal lymph node.

The presence of these shadows is always required to be confirmed by a lateral Xray chest and / or a chest Ct scan.

Presence of these solitary or multiple nodes usually suggests tuberculosis, but can be an early sign of lymphoma or other chronic granulomatous diseases and HIV.

Lymph node TB is a commonest form of TB in school age children. the diagnosis however may be supported by a Matoux test and TB contact and / or other clinical features.

double malleoli sign of rickets

As we all know there is osteoid hyperplasia at metaphysis due to decreased mineralisation of bone resulting from calcium and vitamin D deficiency.

This gives rise to two swellings along the medial malleolus, the lower one is medial malleolus and upper one is the metaphysial widening.

This is called double malleoli sign of rickets.